Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Essay - 735 Words

Over the past decade, advances in the field of cloning have allowed for the possibility of human cloning. By using the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), in which the DNA from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized egg, scientists have developed the ability to clone numerous types of animals related to humans. Cloning has proven to be useful in several areas of science, improving scientists understanding of the functions of genes and the cell cycle. In addition, scientists are on the path toward using cloning in order to create organs, tissues, and other technologies useful for the treatment of humans with serious diseases. On July 5, 1996, an adult sheep clone known as Dolly was created by using the somatic†¦show more content†¦Using Willadsens research, Wilmut and Campbell coated the cells with agar, which supplying the protection that was lost due to the removal of the zona pellucida (Lewis 2001). Another key improvement in cloning was the use of unfertilized oocytes in the making of the clone zygote rather than using enucleated fertilized eggs (Lewis 2001). Previously, scientists had used already fertilized eggs in order to create clone zygotes. However, this technique was ineffective because most cells did not survive longer than the blastocyst phase (Lewis 2001). By coordinating the cell cycles of the donor somatic nucleus and using immature unfertilized eggs, the newly fertilized oocytes were able to divide and develop beyond the stage of the blastocyst (Lewis 2001). The most important improvement in the method of cloning was Wilmut and Campbells control of the cell cycles of the donor cell nucleus (Chye 2001). They were able to cause the cells to enter G0, a stable stage from which to transfer the somatic cell nuclei, by removing the serum from the cells in the culture (Chye 2001). Since they were able to determine which stage the nuclei were from, the nuclei used to create the fertilized oocytes were in the proper phase of the cell cycle as to promote growth and development (Chye 2001). The embryo was then activated with the use of an electrical pulse, and left for several days to mature (Chye 2001). In the final step, the cultured embryo was implanted into theShow MoreRelatedIs Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer?1193 Words   |  5 PagesThe second way to get hESCs is by man-created. One technology of man-creating hESCs is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), commonly referred to as cloning. This technique is also used in therapeutic cloning, wh ich creates hESCs to treat or cure a patient with the disease. Since the created hESC contains DNA that’s virtually identical to the existing patient, this could eliminate the significant problem of tissue rejection, which could be the â€Å"impediment to the clinical success of regenerative medicineRead MoreTherapeutic Cloning And Its Controversy1313 Words   |  6 PagesTherapeutic Cloning and its Controversy The idea of finding a way to cure people of diseases with their own cells is one that scientists, physicians, and those who are afflicted by such diseases find very enticing. Therapeutic cloning is a process that scientists believe has the potential to achieve such goals in the future. While therapeutic cloning brings with it a variety of potential benefits and innovations, it also carries with it a polarizing ethical conflict that poses a strong impedimentRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1098 Words   |  5 Pageshuman cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stem cell induction. In reproductive cloning the entire genetic code is reproduced from a single body cell of an adult individual.  The most common cloning technique is somatic cell nuclearRead More Clones Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagestechnologies. One of the biggest issues in the development of technology is cloning. The word clone is used in many different contexts in biological research but in its most simple and strict sense, it refers to a precise genetic copy of a molecule, cell, plant, animal, or human being.1 Human cloning has been a largely controversial focus in the area of cloning, mainly, the ethics of cloning. People have differed opinions about the ethics of cloning. Some people think that cloning is not morally rightRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1100 Words   |  5 Pageshuman cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloni ng cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stem cell induction. In reproductive cloning, the entire genetic code is reproduced from a single body cell of an adult individual.  The most common cloning technique is somatic cell nuclearRead MoreCloning for the Greater Good Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesembryonic stem cell research not only brings hope to people with diseases but also brings fear to many when the thought of clones walking the earth comes to mind. Therapeutic cloning is an advanced procedure also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) where DNA is removed from an egg and replaced with DNA from a somatic cell. After the DNA is transferred into the egg, the egg is shocked into thinking it was fertilized and cells start to divide. The fertilized egg or embryos stem cells are harvestedRead MoreThe For The Advancement Of Human Reproduction Essay2567 Words   |  11 Pagesterms of the health and survival of the individuals who will be a product of these manipulations as well as how evolution of humans will be affected throug h the manipulations. The two manipulations are: 1. Whole Organism Cloning using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, (SCNT.) 2. Embryo selection using Pre-implantation Genetic Profiling, (PGP.) SCNT Cloning by definition is the process of producing genetically identical individuals this can occur through many different artificial methods. However naturallyRead MoreEscape from Spiderhead by Dr. Abnesti Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagestake every step of scientific development extremely seriously. As see from now, people are arguing about the contradiction between science and morality, moreover, that the power science has now is too enough to destroy us already, for instance the nuclear energy. The pros and cons from scientific development shape science itself, in some cases controversial. Plus, I think the scientific morality and power controlling are two big deals that needed to be controlled. Not to eliminate, but to make themRead MoreThe Fluidity Of Cloning : Gender Norms Racial Bias3913 Words   |  16 Pagesof producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Clon ing in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments, cells, or organisms. The term also refers to the production of multiple copies of a product such as digital media or software. Molecular cloning Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNARead MoreEssay on Human Cloning Can Make Immortality a Reality4036 Words   |  17 Pagesrejuvenation poses a legitimate threat to society in ways unimagined by the general populace. The founder of Advanced Cell Technologies (ACT), Michael West, Ph.D., has grasped the breathtaking regenerative possibilities of somatic cell nuclear transfer and his team is currently experimenting with parthenogenesis to fully understand the process of oocyte fertilization (Cibelli et al, â€Å"Somatic† 25; Cibelli et al, â€Å"The First† 45). ACT is preparing for a far weightier issue than the present intense deliberation

Modern Day Feminism The Fight For Equal Rights - 1589 Words

Modern-day Feminism The definition of feminism states â€Å"the belief that men and woman should have equal rights and opportunities† (â€Å"feminism†). Modern feminism is no longer about equality and is in fact counterproductive to the cause. The fight for equal rights has been transformed into a fight for privilege, waged against causes insignificant in the big picture of gender equality; causes like manspreading, cat calls, air conditioning, and representation in video games. We are waging a war in a new and changed society, using an old definition of what the movement is meant to be. Modern-day feminism is now obsolete in the Western World because the fight for equal rights between genders has been won. First-wave feminism is a brand of feminism that refers to the early 19th and 20th centuries, characterized by the fight that was primarily waged in favor of woman’s suffrage and legal issues. Second-wave was increasingly radical, and is the basis upon which modern-day feminist ideology is based (Eichler). This movement spanned from the 1960s to the 80s, with dominant issues being sexuality and reproductive rights. By the year 1989 in Canada, the United Nations has enacted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, equal pay and fair employment legislation has been passed across every province in the country and the Supreme Court has decided that sexual harassment is a form of sexual discrimination (â€Å"Women’s Rights†). Legally, woman have all the rights that men have. Using thisShow MoreRelatedThe Roots Of Feminism : The Fight For Equality1304 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism at its roots was a challenge to patriarchal standards and the exclusion of women from t he workplace. Women since the early 1850s have been fighting for equality whether it be for respect or representation in politics, women wanted the same rights as men. The core of feminism although similar in all aspects there are fluxes in the motive behind the motive during the next century and decades. The women’s movement was originally meant for working class white women who wanted to be equal toRead MoreAchievements Of 1st And 2nd Wave Feminism Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesof 1st and 2nd Wave Feminism America has seen numerous movements that have come and gone, and all of them had an agenda for which they stood for. Even in modern times, many rights and activists groups are often pushing for amendments and reforms for certain issues for which they feel upset about. These movements have been particularly important over the course of years in the manner of America’s social, economic and political affairs have developed. The three waves of feminism are some of the wellRead MoreFeminism And Its Impact On Women1223 Words   |  5 Pages Feminism by definition is the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. So feminism has a dictionary definition, but when it comes to feminists and feminism there are so many different personal definitions that people and groups hold. Feminism has been around for quite a while. There is evidence of women fighting for their equality for the past twenty-four centuries. If you’re looking for an actual date you might be out of luck. What can be said from The Oxford EnglishRead MoreFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is900 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is mainly concerned with giving rights to women by highlighting the numerous ways in which women have rendered to society. Feminist theorists believe in the social, political, and economic equality of genders and believe that each has his own rights as well as duties. They strive to give the oppressed women their full rights that are being taken every day. History of Feminism Feminism first started inRead MoreTrue Feminism : Equality For All1497 Words   |  6 PagesTrue Feminism: Equality for All Throughout history, feminism has proven to be a powerful movement with a simple goal in mind: equal rights for women. Since the earliest forms of feminism in the eighteenth century, women have overcome seemingly insurmountable odds and made leaps and bounds in the direction of that goal. Today, women are in a better position than they ever have been in American history, or the history of the world, but the goal has still not yet been met. Freedom fighters advocatingRead MoreThe Fight For Women s Rights1711 Words   |  7 PagesBurke 1 The word feminism essentially represents the cumulative number of ideologies and movements that advocate the equal rights of women on all grounds. While the concept has been present for centuries, its magnitude in the United States has only become largely recognized throughout the 20th century. In particular, feminism has had its most lasting effects through two large waves in the early 1900’s, whilst fighting for women’s suffrage, and the 1960’s to 1970’s, which focused on women in the workplaceRead MoreFeminism : An Definition Of Feminism1281 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one hears the term â€Å"Feminism†, she/he may have the idea that it is the urge and desire to gain rights for women. While that is true, it does not describe feminism in its entirety. Many people misinterpret what this term means based on media and people who do not know better. Many people who may misinterpret feminism may describe it as a movement to make women superior to men. They may say that those who claim to be a feminist are ones who hate men and strive to assert themselves aboveRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Atlantic Revolutions1050 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom the Atlantic Revolutions, such as independence, political changes, and freedoms for all, are confirmed by society’s constant attempt to attain such values. Those ideals set the foundation of modern society and maintain to be an essential characteristic of society’s evolvement. Prominently, the fight for independence shaped the Atlantic Revolutions. This desire for independence stemmed from the concepts of democracy, nationalism, and popular sovereignty. The ideas behind the struggle for independenceRead MoreGender Equality And Modern Feminism1142 Words   |  5 PagesGender Equality and Modern Feminism in the United States Russel Staples Period 2 It’s clear that a growing movement is happening in America. Protests, speeches, and news articles all show that women are coming together to fight for equality. They point to certain statistics, claiming women are downtrodden in American society. These women are known as feminists, or women’s-rights activists. Feminists are fighting for the rights of women in society through journalism, marches, and media. But can anyRead MoreWomen s Rights And The Feminism Movement Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pageslower than men, which started the creation of women’s rights and the feminism movement. Alice Paul was a feminist and was an instrumental figure in creating equality to men when it came to voting. Since then feminism was grown to include more than just equality when voting. Feminism is the promotion of women’s rights based on social, political, and economic equality to men. Jane Addams gave a speech and published a book about it called A Modern Lear, which addre ssed the Pullman strike and other labor

Anglo Saxon Values free essay sample

In the book Beowulf, Beowulf, a Norse thane from Geatland becomes a legend after committing heroic deeds and overcoming impossible obstacles. The book Beowulf expresses the values of Anglo- Saxon culture. One value that it demonstrates is loyalty. In addition, the book also exemplifies the Anglo- Saxon value of courage. Another Anglo Saxon value which the book depicts is the desire for fame and riches. Loyalty is crucial to the story of Beowulf. During the second half of the book, Beowulf becomes the king of the Geats after the former leader; Hygelac is killed during a battle with a rival tribe. As the king of the Geats, Beowulf becomes responsible for not only the management of the kingdom, but he is also responsible for protecting it from those who wish it harm. After being robbed by a petty thief, a dragon became enraged and devastated the Geat countryside. Beowulf had been greatly affected after hearing of the dragon’s devastation as seen in this quote. We will write a custom essay sample on Anglo Saxon Values or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His mind was in turmoil Unaccustomed anxiety and gloom confused his brain The fire dragon razed the coastal region and reduced forts and earthworks to dust and ashes So the war-king planned and plotted his revenge (Beowulf 2330-2336) From this quote, it is clear that Beowulf cared greatly for his people and was deeply affected after hearing of the state of his kingdom. Also, it shows that although Beowulf was in a state of emotional instability, he was motivated to fight in order to eradicate the creature who has been doing harm to his people. To sum it up, Beowulf’s loyalty to his people had portrayed the Anglo Saxon value of loyalty. Another value which was expressed in the book was courage. In Anglo-Saxon culture, actions were more meaningful than words. Beowulf had proved this to be true. This can be seen when he is about to fight Grendel. Shortly before the fight with Grendel, Beowulf says When it comes to fighting I count myself as dangerous as any day as Grendel So it won’t be a cutting edge I’ll wield to mow him down Easily as I might (Beowulf 676-680) From this quote, it is expressed that not only is Beowulf courageous, but it also expresses that he is also brave and is eager to overcome any challenge. These traits are desired in Anglo-Saxon society, for it not only shows that someone is unafraid, but it also shows that the person is willing to achieve the impossible. Overall, the Anglo Saxon value of courage was expressed in the book when Beowulf is willing to fight Grendel without using a man-made weapon. The Anglo-Saxons had many values, but the value which they were most known for is their desire for fame and riches. Throughout the book, Beowulf sets out to prove himself against and insurmountable odds in order to gain reputation for his lineage and gather riches which will benefit his people. This can be seen in the book Beowulf when Beowulf says this quote. Go now quickly Dearest Wiglaf, under the grey stone Where the dragon is laid out, lost to his treasure; Hurry to feat your eyes on the hoard. Away you go: I want to examine That ancient gold, gaze my fill On those garnered jewels; my going will be easier For having seen the treasure, a less troubled letting-go Of the life and lordship I have long maintained (Beowulf 2744-2751) As seen in this quote, Beowulf, a noble and chivalrous king, asks for the riches of the dragon’s hoard in order to comfort him in his final minutes. This shows his desire of riches. The only reason he is comforted by the riches is that he will die knowing that he has contributed something to his defenseless and vulnerable kingdom before he dies. This last motive has turned a value that had seemed greedy at first to something noble and kind, which is a fit description for someone like Beowulf. Anglo-Saxon values were portrayed in the book Beowulf. The Anglo-Saxon value of loyalty was depicted by Beowulf as he faced the dragon in order to protect his kingdom. In addition, the Anglo-Saxon value of courage was depicted when Beowulf fearlessly challenged Grendel without the use of a weapon. Also, the Anglo-Saxon value of a desire for fame and riches was shown when Beowulf needed the comfort of the dragon’s hoard during his final minutes. Overall, the book Beowulf was not only successful in expressing the values of the Anglo-Saxons, but it had also shown the diverse and unique characteristics of Anglo-Saxon society. To this day, Beowulf is a widely read book that has entertained many readers and informed them of an ancient culture that was unlike any other.

Japan Politics Essays - Economic Nationalism,

Japan Politics In 1960 Japan was ruled by the conservative LDP. Nabuski Kitchie ran the LDP, a man who had been jailed as a war criminal during the occupation. His comeback can be attributed to his pre-war contacts in big business. Kitchie believed to survive Japan's economy had to grow. I order to do so Japan's businesses had to be disciplined. Kitchie gave directives to the ministry to pass on to the heads of big business. These directives were much like orders from a general. Some Japanese people began to rebel against the growing central control the nation was taking. They feared that democracy was being overridden for the sake of economic prosperity. Other groups began to voice opinions regarding the direction they felt Japan should move in. There were many forces pulling at Japan, political demonstrations, walkouts and strikes in Japan's largest industries. This was a time of crisis in modern Japanese history. The Japanese had signed a treaty with the United States, which scattered military bases and nuclear weapons throughout Japan. Fearing the United States would use Japan as a battleground for the Cold War, they were against the renewing of the treaty. Kitchie however, believed with the Americans responsible for their national security, they could use their resources to build their economy. Kitchie met with President Eisenhower and assured him the treaty would be passed by the time of his visit to Japan. Fearing the protests could affect the passing of the treaty Kitchie used his power in nefarious ways to insure the passing of the treaty. As a final attempt to stop the passing of the treaty, the Socialist politicians tried to barricade the speaker in his chambers to prevent the vote. Kitchie sent in troops to escort the speaker to the Diet Chamber to proceed with the vote. Because there were no Socialists in the Chamber at the time of the vote the treaty was ratified. Upon hearing the news, Japanese students attacked the government in a huge protest. During this protest a student was killed. Due to the anti-American theme of the time President Eisenhower cancelled his visit to Japan. Kitchie was completely embarrassed and resigned just five days after the treaty was ratified. Labor unions became a thorn in the side of big business. Despite legal agreements between the unions and business to the contrary 1200 workers were laid off. Picket lines made national attention after a man in line was stabbed. To further complicate national matters, a right wing fanatic assassinated Umajio Asanuma, the leader of the Socialist Party at the podium of the Diet Chamber. This forced Japan to realize that they had to unite the people to insure economic growth. To bring unity to Japan enters a bureaucrat Ikeda Hayato. At this time big business and the government were on the same team. MITI, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, was the primary Japanese government agency charged with the formulation and execution of industrial policy (Pacific Century, page 257). MITI decided Japan's future was dependent on electronics. Supported by the government, the Japanese were able to invent new products. The government let big business form kaitsu, grouping of banks, manufacturers and distributors. These kaitsu would violate anti-trust laws in the United States, but worked for Japan's economy. Japanese companies shared technology and resources to accelerate the economy. Japanese products entered the American markets, and began to affect American companies. Japan concentrated on technological advantages and low prices, where the United States concentrated on customer service; as a result Americans lost jobs. Between 1985 and 1992 the United States spent over 30 billion dollars on military bases to defend Japan. During that same period Japanese companies spent more than one hundred billion buying American businesses and real estate. They went on to buy over 41 million dollars of the United States growing debt. They are 120 million people working in harmony for the sole purpose of building economic power for Japan Inc., which have succeeded in making Japan a world economic power.

Mar

Mar A) The 33rd president of the United States of American created the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine's policy was first put into action in 1947; their objective was to send U.S. aid to anti-Communist forces in Greece and Turkey. However, this policy expanded and the United States applied this policy to any countries that were threatened by Communism. Truman also developed the Marshall plan, it was plan to recover and stabilize Western Europe after the effect of World War II. The spread of Communist by the Soviet regime throughout Europe and Asia brought conflict between the USSR and the United States and this push the USSR and the Eastern European satellite states into the Cold War.During the Second World War, the United States and USSR were allied against Germany. However, because of political different and distrust between these countries, the cooperation to keep peace began to fall after the war.English: Donkey carrying U.S. funded supplies to G...

Writing Press Releases

Writing Press Releases Writing Press Releases Writing Press Releases By Sharon Writing press releases is big business for freelance writers and it’s easy to learn the basic skills. Press releases inform people about the products and services that individuals and companies wish to promote. Their purpose is to make the news and they’re easy to write if you learn the basic techniques. The two key elements to consider are structure and content. Structure The structure of a press release is identical to that of a news story. It follows the inverted pyramid, leading with the most important information and ending with the least important information. The lead of your press release contains the six W’s – who, what, where, why, when and how. These six elements form the basis of your story. The rest of the press release expands on these by providing background information and quotes. Press releases are short and usually fit on one page. The top of the press release usually contains either the words â€Å"For immediate release† or an embargo date that tells editors when it’s okay to publish the news in the release. The end of the release usually includes contact details so people can get more information if they need it. Content So what do you put in a press release? The key to writing a good press release is to emphasize the people aspect of your story. News is about people and that’s what other people are interested in. Another important aspect is the what’s in it for me factor. When writing a press release, emphasize how people will benefit from the product or service being promoted. These tips will get you started with press release writing. A useful and detailed example can be found here. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Story Writing 101Educational vs. Educative

Criminal Theories of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Criminal Theories of Crime - Essay Example Criminals spend too little time in prison and they have too good conditions there. In many countries, as in Poland, there isnt death penalty, however it would help us to stop increasing violence and crime and it would be a warning for criminals. Another problem is that often the homeless commit crime to go to prison because they have food free of charge, bed, TV and other entertainments. I think that our government should be more interested in these people and try to help them (give them places to live, meals). Everybody knows that many crimes are committed by teenagers. They often want to have more friends and they decide to commit a crime to impress them. The young also try to stay against their parents, they want to get money without work and to be independent. TV has huge influence on their behaviour. It shows them the world full of crime and brutal sex, without friendship, love and other important feelings in many thrillers and crime series. It isnt strange that after watching a film, like "Pulp Fiction" or "Rambo", crime may seem funny to teenagers. In cartoons there is also bad behaviour, for example a main hero of this film beats others. In films an actor doesnt die but in real life people do. Our society nowadays is divided into classes: rich, well-to-do, poor. Poor people, who start their life in poor families or families with the problem of alcoholism, need money and may attack rich (or well to do) people to get money. They usually hate them, because they also would like to live in beautiful villas and have expensive cars. It may be next cause of attacks on people. In the case of social disorganization, anomie, differential association, and rational theories, there are many similarities as well as, subtle differences. The first theory to look at is social disorganization theory. The Social Disorganization Theory provides that if relationships in the family and friendship groupings are good, neighborhoods are stable and cohesive, and

World Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

World Conflict - Essay Example on September 9, 2001 (now on the lips as 9/11 attack). As a part of the cold war going on, the soviets feared that Afghanistan was being eyed by the U.S. as a stand point from where it can threaten Soviet Union's mainland. Hence, reacting to this fear, the soviet army in 1979 moved with all the arms and ammunition into afghan land. The soviets were trying to force communism on the people of Afghanistan (in their bid to clear the region from any chance of it becoming U.S. military base that can pose threat to them. But the Afghans with America's support of heavy artillery and millions of dollar funding fought back. The financial help from America was to ensure that without its direct intervention, the afghan mujahideen (who have a historic track record of fighting continuously and fiercely till death for their homeland are well equipped against the technologically advanced soviet tanks and fighter planes. American troops were not involved in this war (Meher, page 122) The American support came in disguise through other Islamic countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan (Meher, page 199) etc because the direct intervention of America could trigger the next world war. The afghan jihads resisted the soviets well above the expectation of U.S. which was matching their performance with ever increasing million dollars each year. Now with the initial strong opening to the war from the Afghans, the next step was to make the war sustainable from Afghanistan side. For that to happen, more and more Muslim volunteer jihadis were required to pick up arms and fight. The funding helped to create madrassas (Muslim schools of Islam thought) which noticed Muslims turning up in large numbers and soon they were prepared with enough expertise to wage war. It was in these madrassas that Osama Bin Laden came to work as a volunteer in the war. Osama was Saudi national and with him brought big money as well and started helping the cause by working in construction purposes and in medical aid. The madrassas were established in the border region s between Pakistan and Afghanistan which in the future will give birth to "Taliban". Taliban and Al Qaeda were unitedly involved during post soviet war. And both became anti America after America withdrew funding and humanitarian aid. The soviets after suffering devastation and persistent resistance from the afghan fighters went into huge military losses of men and arms. At the end of war (May88), the soviets were defeated and they started their return (Wright, page 129) which was complete in 89. Afghanistan won with a major help from U.S. and the cold war ended with the fall of communism. Afghanistan victory brought happiness to common people who were the innocent victims in the war. However, immediately after the war the United States lost its interest in the region and avoided even any humanitarian policy toward the victims of soviet-afghan war and those of the civil war that followed because of lack of any established government rule. In result, lawlessness prevailed and whole o f the Afghanistan went into another fight, this time intra-nation. Seeing such an acrimonious act of denial, the people of Afghanistan and the

LL Bean methodology Essay Example for Free

LL Bean methodology Essay LL Bean utilizes a probability distribution methodology to help predict the optimal order size of a specific item. The probability distribution is driven by a series of calculations that will predict forecast errors. One of the major concerns is that LL Bean tends to order more inventory than what was predicted in the frozen forecast. Their logic for doing this is that the cost of understocking exceeds the cost of overstocking. According to Marck Fasold (CFO), this methodology leads to major discrepancies with forecasting the demand for their products. Also, this leads to buyers being challenged that products are being ordered that do not align with their forecasting predictions. In addition, Rol Fessenden eludes to the fact that the methodology has issues because they can’t find any real distribution errors among products and he is not convinced about the estimating contribution margins and liquidation costs. In summary, there are many challenges to LL Bean’s ordering process. LL Bean tends to be okay with just overstocking rather than focusing on making accurate predictions. This approach leads to unwarranted costs that can be eliminated if they focused on refining their ordering process and methodology. Secondly, it seems that buyers make forecasts that are not being applied by the company which turn leads to unsatisfied buyers because they feel their judgments are not being respected. Lastly, LL Bean should allow the distribution forecast errors to be handled by the buyers during their initial forecasting discussion. The typical forecasting process for LL Bean involves various individuals (including the Inventory Buyer and product â€Å"people†) meeting together to make forecasts of items by book. Specially, an Excel spreadsheet is utilized to rank items by expected dollar sales and â€Å"discussions† are involved to make adjustments. The buyers tend to use their own personal judgment where they invent a â€Å"rule of the thumb† to develop forecasts. Furthermore, they use personal feelings in their forecasting predications which in turn can lead to errors without hard data. The issue with the forecasting process is that it is purely focused on an individual’s personal thoughts rather than the usage of historical sales data as a benchmark. Also, according to Barbara Hamaluk (a buyer for men’s knit shirts) there tends to be a variance  with the item forecasts and the dollar target of that book. In summary, by having a forecasting process that is based on personal judgment versus actual data can lead to issues such as over and understocking items. Also, this can further lose money for LL Bean due to the inaccuracies of ordering too much or too little based on personal â€Å"opinion† forecasts. LL Bean can improve this process by having their buyers follow a standardized process that requires them to use historical and valid data to predict forecasts.

The Outsiders :: Essays Papers

The Outsiders One day after school Ponyboy and his friend Johnny took two Soc girls out to the movies, they were walking home when five Socs jumped them. The Socs were mad at them for taking their girls on dates. Bob (one of the Socs) was about to drown Ponyboy in a fountain when Johnny lost it and stabbed him. The Socs ran and so did Johnny and Ponyboy. After this incident they ran to a church outside of town. One day the church catches on fire. Johnny and Ponyboy save the kids that were playing in the abandoned church. Johnny pushed Ponyboy out of the church right as the roof caved in killing Johnny. Ponyboy and Johnny were heroes. They ruled that Ponyboy was just fighting back in self-defense. Ponyboy eventually writes a book about what has happened to him, the book that Ponyboy starts to write, starts the same way the novel starts. Ponyboy is a nice kid that's parents were killed in a car crash when he was young. Ponyboy has light brown almost red hair, and greenish-gray eyes. He has long hair that is squared off in the back. Ponyboy is a skittish kid; he was always worried about getting jumped by the Socs. But when you are a greaser walking on the streets alone, you have the right to worry about being jumped by the Socs. Ponyboy does a lot of growing up in the book that makes him a dynamic character. He has to cope with a lot of frustration with his two older brothers and with the Socs. He handles it pretty well until on e day when he was being jumped by the Socs he spit on one of them that started a brawl that escalated into a murder. Ponyboy has a good relationship with Johnny. Johnny saved Ponyboy's life by killing a Soc when the Soc was drowning Ponyboy. Ponyboy and Johnny have to hide out in an old abandoned church together. They were best friends. Johnny's last words to Ponyboy were "Stay gold, Ponyboy. Stay gold_" This says that Johnny thought that Ponyboy was a great person, and that he wanted him to stay a wonderful and great person. The conflict in this story is man vs. man. Ponyboy was born a greaser, he did not choose to be a greaser. He had no control of this but the Socs did not care.

International Monetary Fund Essay

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a central organization in the world whose mandate of establishment in 1945 revolves around world economic and monetary cooperation (imf. org, 2006). By following microeconomic policies of the member countries, this intergovernmental organization manages or oversees the global financial system. In this organization, almost all the countries in the world work together in cooperation for the common good. The primary purpose of IMF is to propagate and stabilize international monetary system which is key in ensuring and maintaining stable international payments and exchange rates that are critical in promoting trade between countries. In its efforts to ensure stability of the international monetary system, IMF has the responsibility of reviewing the financial developments in the national, regional, and global arena. The major purpose for which International Monetary Fund was established can be explained in three points. First is to promote stable exchange rates while at the same time ensuring that order is maintained in the exchange arrangements between its member countries and to prevent competitive exchange from depreciating. Secondly, IMF was established to enhance the expansion of international trade in a balanced manner so that all the member countries can benefit from increased levels of employment and real income in addition to better development and utilization of economic resources of these member countries. Thirdly, IMF has the mandate to contribute in the establishment of a new system of payment which is multilateral in nature and which functions to eliminate the many restrictions imposed by foreign exchange and which impedes the blossoming of world trade (munfw. org, n. d). The 184 member countries are required to adopt policies which protect them from financial and economic crises, promote economic stability and policies which have the capacity to raise the living standards of the citizens (imf. rg, 2006). In any given organization, the mission and the set goals are very important since they form the basis for the strategies and management of different affairs in the organization including the critical area of decision making which determines whether the goals will be achieved or not. It is therefore the objective of this paper to describe the mission and the goals of International Monetary Fund and also analyse the process of decision making in the orgaization so as to achieve these goals. One of the mission of IMF is to offer financial assistance to various countries which have faced crises of balance-of-payments as a result of domestic policies. The governments of such countries do not have a choice other than to borrow from the IMF so as to propagate various economic activities in their countries. On the part of IMF, it has to safeguard the interest of the shareholders and therefore it requires that the countries borrowing the funds put in place stringent policy adjustments which will facilitate repayment. Another mission of the IMF is to function as a reserve pool for global economies. This is in light of the fact that various countries especially in the developed world have accumulated colosal amounts of resources and money which act to insure them against shocks. On the other hand, many countries especially in the developing world lack the capacity to accumulate resources for insurance purposes but rather would use them for consumption and investments. The IMF therefore in this case acts as reserve pool which can manage these reserves so that even poor countries can access financial assistance in times of economic crises (Eichengreen, 2009). The third mission of the IMF is to act as a supervisor with regard to macroeconomic activities and trends. This means that it has to be very prudent in keeping an eye on the prevaling financial conditions or trends in the whole globe and in case of any signs of financial instability, provide warnings on the same so that appropriate actions can be taken. However, it has only played a supporting role since most of these activities have been undertaken by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) following the suggestions by the G-20. The goals of the International Monetary Fund are in line with the goals set by the international community in 2000 popularly known as the UN Millennium Development Goals. These goals focus on fundamental aspects of human existence and are geared toward ensuring improved living standards by curbing poverty and improving the health of world populations. The time frame for the achievement of these goals is set to be by the year 2015 and therefore decision making and actions taken are done systematically and resources managed carefully to meet the set deadline. The areas of focus of the first seven goals are on eradication of extreme hunger and poverty, ensuring that primary education is accessible by all children, empowerment of women and promotion of gender equality, improvement of maternal health and reduction of child mortality. The sixth goal is with regard to HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases which have been wrecking havoc in many developing countries. The seventh goal focus on issues of environment in that IMF intends to achieve environmental sustainability by the year 2015 (imf. org, 2010). The last goal requires that a global partnership for development be formed to address issues of debt relief, aid and trade. Decisions made by the IMF are meant to ensure that the resources available are managed carefully so that the organization can meet its goals without having problems caused by lack good management of available resources in many organizations. From the goals described, it is clear that IMF targets to offer assistance to poor countries in order to overcome some of the most common challenges facing them such as disease, poverty and illiteracy. However, the organization is not a development institution like the World Bank and regional development banks. This implies that it has no mandate to provide funds for building physical infrastructure in the poor countries rather it only offers loans to the low-income countries on concessional terms in an effort to ease the pain which these countries have to endure when making critical adjustments in terms of their spending (imf. org, 2006). The purpose for making these adjustments is to bring the levels of spending to the right levels which are commensurate with their income. Consequently, this promotes important reforms which enhance much stronger and sustainable economic growth which results in poverty eradication in the affected. In addition, following streamlining of a country’s economic policies, the IMF loan given to a particular country may attract other donors who are encouraged to provide more financial support. Therefore, this organization has well elucidated approaches which are used to fight poverty and achieve the rest of the goals which it has set to accomplish by the year 2015. Decision making at the IMF revolves around two major aspects one of them being on membership of countries which may want to join the organization and on the other hand on the internal operations of the organization. Both of these areas are quite important in ensuring the sustainability of the operations within IMF. For instance, bearing in mind that the major source of money of the organization is the quotas which are contributed by different countries upon joining the organization, decision making at this stage is critical since it impacts directly on the financial stability of this organization. Quotas are basically a reflection of the size of the economies of the member countries so that a country with a broad economy in terms of variability of trade, national income, monetary reserves and output is required to deposit more into the IMF kit than a country whose size of the economy is small and whose trade variability is not great. The decisions made on the amount of quota a particular country is required to deposit also affect the voting power of that country as a member of the IMF. This means that, the larger the quota of a member country, the more decision making power or voting power it possesses. For instance, the US contributes the largest quota into the IMF kit and therefore has the highest decision-making power at nearly 18%. On the other hand the whole African continent due to its small quota in the IMF possesses only a 5% decision-making power (munfw. org, n. d). The Board of Governors can review these quotas periodically and increase them when deemed necessary. The IMF staff and management comprise of different bodies which govern and manage the affairs of the organization to facilitate the realization of the laid down goals by 2015. These include the Board of Governors, International monetary and financial committee, the Executive board, and the standing committees. However, the important decisions are made by the Board of governors. The whole IMF staff and the management are accountable to the managing director of this organization who is appointed by the executive board to whom he is also accountable. The supreme decision-making body of the IMF is the Board of governors which is made of one governor and one alternate governor from each member country who is appointed to represent the interests of the country at the organization. The alternate governor of each member country is usually the governor of the central bank or the minister of finance. The board of governors is bestowed with the responsibility of making decisions concerning membership and also internal operational activities of the organization such as changes that might be required to the Fund’s structure. Decision making process requires ample time and therefore the Board of governors usually meets twice every year to deliberate on critical issues. The Executive board has the responsibility of carrying out the day-to-day activities of the organization. The board is chaired by the managing director who is assisted by three deputy managing directors. The member countries or groups of countries elect or appoint 24 executive directors make the bulk of the board. To ease the decision making process at the board level, most member countries are grouped into constituencies but the largest shareholders that is US, Germany, Japan, UK, France are not grouped but instead each has one chair. The decision making with regard to appointment of executive directors is in some countries based on the number of votes that a particular country has so that a country with the highest number of votes appoints the executive director. Good decision making process is characterized by consensus and this is adequately embraced in the organization whereby the board relies on consensus in making decisions. The nature of this consensus is determined by the number of executive directors who agree or disagree with a certain issue. In the light of the principle that a good decision making process gives room for opinions and views from all members involved, IMF is keen to allow for a voting exercise to take place in case different opinions crop up in the initial stages of the decision making process. In this voting approach, a needed majority is established in order to give a direction on decision making. However, the percentage majority required will be determined by the nature of the decision which is being made so that a 51%, 66% or 85% majority may be required (brettonwoodsproject. rg, 2005). During this process, the managing director of the IMF who chairs the executive board is required to advice the board to consider matters arising and be patient until that time when a broad majority has made a clear decision on the issue under discussion. Decision making process is characterized by the presence of options or alternatives so that if one fails, the other alternative can be employed to see whether the anticipated results will be achieved. This is exactly what happens at IMF when the majority still fails to precipitate consensus. The alternative is to go by the simple majority of the voting power in which a decision can be quickly made through a collective agreement involving G-7 chairs and a few directors (brettonwoodsproject. org, 2005). The IMF as a firmly rooted organization is therefore a good example of an organization whose excellent management strategy is reflected by its ability to facilitate many poor countries especially in Africa overcome common challenges such as poverty and disease. The mission and the goals set by this organization go hand in hand with the Millennium Development Goals and therefore consistent management of all the resources available to the organization is critical to meet the 2015 time target. The decision making process employed by the IMF also points to one of the key reasons for successful operations since it offers alternatives, democracy and dialogue in addition to the well organized management staff.

Human Resource Accounting

â€Å"Research Proposal† Topic : Human Resource Accounting as a Measurement Tool: Asian Perspective Submitted By: M. Rizwan Arshad. Lecturer Department of Management Sciences The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. PhD Research Proposal of Mr Rizwan Arshad Human Resource Accounting as a Measurement Tool: An Asian Perspective Attempts to account the Human Resource are not new it was Rensis Likert (1963), who initiated research into HR accounting in the 60’s. He stressed the importance of long term planning of Human Resource qualitative variables that results in greater benefits in the long run. The resource theory considered that the competitive position of an organization depends on its specific asset, which is the HR. This explains why some firms are more productive and successful than others under almost similar conditions and similar industry. It is the HR that makes all the difference. Following a less fruitful research period (Grojer and Johanson, 1998: 495) one could have expected interest in the area to wane but on the contrary, it has experienced something of a revival. When anyone wants to know the history of HR accounting, most reviewers such as Grojer and Johanson (1998) agreed that during the first half of the 1970s it was one of the most researched subject within accounting, consuming a vast amount of academic Endeavour. Human Resource is not just the number of pairs of hands engaged in any organization. HR is above the simple number game. HR may be though of as the total knowledge, skills, creative abilities, talents and aptitudes of an organization’s work force. It is the sum total of inherent abilities, acquired knowledge and skills of the employees. Why HR accounting is considered as important and who is the focus of this research? HR accounting is a term that has both a narrow and more generic focus in the literature with respect to the understanding of the value of people in the contemporary workplace and the contribution of the HR function. Defined narrowly â€Å"It is the process of identifying and measuring data about HR and communicating this information to interested parties†(American Accounting Association, 1973, as cited in Flamholtz, 1999: xii). This definition suggests that HR accounting is a tool that can be used for reporting people as organizational resources in both financial and managerial accounting terms (Flamholtz, 1999) The objective is to quantify the economic value of people (Sackman et al, 1989:235). According to Sveiby (1997) attempts to convert people or competencies into financial figures, although theoretically interesting, have not proved entirely useful to managers. The use of both financial and non-financial approaches is now a more common theme when discussion focuses on the nature of HR accounting. The reason for this is that HR accounting should be thought of as a set of techniques that provide a more balanced perspective, encouraging as much concern about the long-term drivers of financial success as about current performance and value. Consequently, the literature has adopted a wider brief when describing its nature. Some writers (Lester, 1996; Sheedy-Gohil, 1996; Skittle, 1995) claim that the level of knowledge-based assets of an organisation gives a clearer indication of the potential for future profitability than do traditional historical accounting measures. Therefore, the rate of change in knowledge-based and other intangible assets must be included in any meaningful measure of profits. However, a review by Scarbrough and Elias (2002) suggests that, as an asset, human capital is precarious in terms of its potential mobility and difficult in terms of its measurement. So narrowly defining HR accounting has distinct limitations because the measurement of HR in whatever guise then becomes reliant on a purely financial metric that invariably involves debate about asset models and cost-benefit analysis. Here, we adopt this broader notion, embracing both a range of financial and non-financial measurements associated with Human Resource Management. MEASUREMENT PITFALLS AND THE ACCOUNTING IDEOLOGY Measuring human resources has been viewed as proceeding rather slowly because its advocates always seem to be in the minority (Turner, 1996). Despite this, research has, over the past decade, been substantially measurement-oriented (Johanson and Larsen, 2000). Numerous studies report advances in measurement approaches, case studies of developing practice and the growing support for techniques such as the balanced score-card (eg Boudreau, 1998; Fitz-enz, 2000; Flamholtz, 1999; Flamholtz and Main, 1999). These achievements may have been somewhat overshadowed by research that has, quite necessarily, been preoccupied with debating a range of measurement concerns including the old arguments that will continue to be debated long into the future. The first of these arguments concerns the capitalization of HR and the debate surrounding whether human resources qualify or can appropriately be labeled as assets notwithstanding the competing view that there may be little substantial difference between intangible and tangible assets with no reason to treat one differently from the other (Boudreau, 1998; Johanson and Larsen, 2000; Mirvis and Macy, 1976; Turner, 1996). There has also been the need to discuss what Human Resource measurement system should be designed to achieve, bearing in mind that measurement is not neutral and the choice of metrics conveys values, priorities and a strategic framework (Boudreau, 1998: 24). The dangerous liaison between human resources and accounting and the pitfalls of measurement requires a delicate balancing act juggling the multiplicity of often unlinked measures with the need to provide information that is oing to be effective in guiding and managing behavior (Pfeffer, 1997). Similarly there has also been a need to debate whether the accounting paradigm has been re-conceptualized (Mayo, 2000) to account for the new economic transformation (Flamholtz and Main, 1999: 11). This involves accounting requirements that move beyond the accepted role of custodial and financial accountability into the realms of fiscal, social and environmental accountability. (Turner, 1996: 71). This involves a shift in thinking from human asset to human worth (Roslender, 1997) emphasizing a more holistic approach which embraces a broader range of social scientists thinking (Roslender and Dyson, 1992: 312) and allows for exploration in the realms of soft accounting numbers (Roslender, 1997: 22). Complying with orthodox management accounting conventions runs the risk, argues Armstrong (1989, 1995), of not only challenging the role but having to justify all HR activity in cost-effectiveness terms, thereby handing to others outside the function the decision as to what initiatives be given priority. This strategy cedes too much to the dominant accounting culture and may also, in the end, achieve little security for the personnel function (Armstrong, 1989: 160). What is needed, suggests Armstrong (1989: 160), is for HR practitioners to master the accounting approach to the point where they can clearly identify its shortcomings, thereby putting themselves in a position to focus on the inadequacies of accounting projections as an exclusive basis for managerial decision-making, especially where HR are concerned. By exploiting such shortcomings, HR practitioners can, suggests Armstrong (1989), further their cause by offering alternative strategies that emphasis that traditional accounting valuations are only one of a number of ways of establishing the value of HR. It is the politics of measurement and its likely impact on the HR function that dwarfs all others argues Pfeffer (1997). Shrewd HR leaders are already training their people in a range of measurement strategies in order to prepare them to do battle on more favorable terms with the number of people in the firm. All of these debates, including the ethics of even attempting to measure the worth of HR have one goal in mind: to develop a means of valuing that captures the very nature of the worth of people and reports it in a way that not only allows for the development of the people themselves but the added value (worth) that they contribute to the organisation. Consequently, understanding why HR accounting is important, to whom it is important and its links with organizational and HR strategies will provide a context for benchmarking the level of support for measuring HR and how far that support has been integrated into the thinking of different managerial groups and organizational strategies. This is what we set out to achieve. Methodology & Data Collection The sample will be drawn from the organizations in Pakistan from the top industries working in local economy. Questionnaires will sent to a random sample of 20 members from each organization. For the purpose of gathering data survey-questionnaire approach will be used. The research will carried out in three phases. Phase 1 involved item generation, for that section of the questionnaire concerned with the importance and measurement of HR. A focus group of 50 people from different organizations will ask to discuss a number of questions. The content analysis of this information is use in developing the important measure of the questionnaire. In the second phase the draft questionnaire will sent to a group of 20 HR managers organized through a network of one of the senior managers who was part of the original focus group. Each participant will asked to go through the questionnaire and write any comments relating to any particular question or questions in the right-hand margin available in the copy of the questionnaire. The emphasis in this phase will, as explained to participants, to find out whether they thought any of the questions are ambiguous or whether parts of the questionnaire could be improved. All the comments received related to the background information of the questions and a number of modifications will made to this section. In third phase the questionnaire will distributed to the sample groups described above. Research Questions †¢Why it is important to evaluate HR? †¢Why organizations are not measuring HR? †¢How HR can be measured? †¢How often are measures taken and reviewed? †¢Who develops and collects HR information? †¢Whether human resources qualify or can appropriately be labeled as assets? Does the level of Knowledge-based assets of an organization give a clearer indication of the potential for future profitability than do traditional accounting measures? †¢Does it is possible to develop a means of valuing that captures the very nature of the worth of people? †¢Does it can be used for the development of the peoples in the organization? †¢Does HR accounting add value (worth) that HR contributes to the organization? Pot ential Outcomes †¢If the firm can effectively calculate the value of HR and add their value to firm’s assets, it will increase the book value of the firm’s shares. An index can be prepared for different industries and firms can compare their HR value to the industry standard and with the other firms present in the same industry. †¢The budget for the Training and Development can be justified. †¢Firms can evaluate the results of Training and Development by comparing the value of HR before and after training and development session. REFERENCES Armstrong, P. (1989). Limits and possibilities for HRM in an age of management accounting’ in New perspectives on Human Resource Management. J. Storey (ed). London: Routledge. Dasgupta. N. â€Å"Human Resources Accounting† Sultan Chand & Sons New Delhi 1980. Flamholtz, E. G. and Main, E. D. (1999). `Current issues, recent advancements and future directions in human resource accounting’. Journal of Human Resource Costing and Accounting, 4: 1, 11-20. Johanson, U. (1999). `Why the concept of human resource costing and accounting does not work’. Personnel Review, 28: 1/2, 91-107. Lester, T. (1996). `Measuring human capital’. Human Resources, 24, 54 . Mayo, A. (2000). The Human Value of the Enterprise, London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Mirvis, P. H. and Macy, B. A. (1976). `Human resource accounting: a measurement perspective’. Academy of Management Review, 1, 74-83. Pfeffer, J. (1997). `Pitfalls on the road to measurement: the dangerous liaison of human resources with the ideas of accounting and finance’. Human Resource Management, 36: 3, 357-365. Prabhakara Rao D, â€Å"Human Resources Accounting† Inter-India. Publications New Delhi. 1986 Sveiby, K. E. (1997). The New Organizational Wealth: Managing and Measuring Knowledge-based Assets, San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc. Turner, G. (1996). `Human resource accounting wisdom? ’ Journal of Human Resource Costing and Accounting, 1, 63-73.

Sexism is Manifest in Magazines Essays

Sexism is Manifest in Magazines Essays Sexism is Manifest in Magazines Essay Sexism is Manifest in Magazines Essay Everyday, we face advertisements that use the sexuality of individuals to sell products.   Advertising degrades a woman’s worth in society and uses her body to sell items such as cars, jewelry, and beverages.   Those most often exploited are our mothers, daughters, and sisters. Beautiful women, scantily dressed give us incentive to buy products, whenever the incentive is to be with these females, or as in most cases, to be like them.   Because of this is exploitation, women believe they have to live up to an unachievable standard of beauty.   If they fail to reach these ideas, they are made to feel worthless.The ideal woman is based on flawlessness: no lines, wrinkles, blemishes, and scars-no pores.   She is human.   This look can only be achieved cosmetically, and is the only standard of beauty in our culture (Kilbourne). â€Å"Deep in many girls hearts lies an impossible standard-long blonde hair, long, long legs, a slim, tall body, and p erpetual youth.   Call it Barbie† (Winegar 1 E).   Dr. Lesley J. Dlugokinski, a clinical psychologist from Oklahoma City, suggests that many of the messages linking a woman’s value to her beauty are deeply rooted in Western Culture, beginning with ancient myths and fairtales like â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† (qtd. in Kinka).So much emphasis placed on appearance that a woman’s lovability and desirability rely on it.   An advertisement for a weight loss clinic reads: â€Å" I’d probably never be married now if I hadn’t lost forty-nine pounds’-which one woman said was the best advertisement for fat she’d ever seen†.   Such advertisements only reaffirm that being beautiful is a result of the products we buy, not who we are inside.   Physical appearance seems to define a woman’s worth.In most advertisements, the woman’s body is used as an object, and whatever her body is like, it will not do; it must change.à ‚   Every part of the body must be altered.   For many women in America, how they look often determines how they feel about themselves, impacting their self-esteem.   â€Å"The message regarding†¦physical beauty is so pervasive that even women with wonderful talents, attributes, skills and intellect don’t feel those are enough† (Winegar   1-E).   Women are judged solely on appearance and are put into competition with each other’s looks; if a woman does achieve the desire look, she loses love of other women.â€Å"The essential selling traits used in the portrayal of women are alluring, decorative, and traditional† (Courtney 9).   The trend of using women for allurement or decoration is found mostly in advertisements for beverages and automobiles.   The sexual implications are more than obvious in selling a product that has nothing to do with sex.   These types of advertisements are found throughout mainly men’s magazines, selling â€Å"manly† products.Advertisers subliminally integrate sexual ideas into the selling of products.   They realize that many times that people do not read the copy, so they use photographs to exploit sexuality in males and females in the shape of the products or the way the models are positioned.   An advertisement for Love’s Baby Soft perfume reads: â€Å"Because innocence is sexier than you think†.   In the advertisement, an adult woman is presented as a child.   She is dressed as a little girl, but she is sitting with her legs apart, skirt slightly raised.   She has a visible cleavage and is sucking in a lollipop.   The shape of the perfume bottle is clearly phallic, and the implicit meanings in the advertisement tell women not to be mature or grown up and to stay passive, powerless, and dependent (Kilnourne).On the other hand, some advertisements, even try to cover the fact that they are bluntly using sexuality to sell their products.   In some advertisements, women are naked, wearing only the product for sale. The use of their bodies to sell these products, which have nothing to do with being naked, is disgusting.   Their sexuality is only being used to catch the eye of the consumer.Feminine things are constantly devalued, which causes women to devalue themselves and men to devalue women.   Women are being devalued each time an advertisement depicts a woman as an object.   â€Å"Turning a human being into an object is the first step in justifying violence toward that person† (Kilbourne).   Men are portrayed as violent and brutal in advertisements, and their body language sends a message to tell all men to be in control, and always uses power, threat, and intimidation.   A billboard for a Rolling Stones album cover reads, â€Å"I’m black and blue from the Rolling Stones, and I Love It† (Kilbourne).   Such advertisements give the implication that women love and deserve to be beaten.   An even more appalling advertisement for men’s boots headlines, â€Å"Treat’em good and they’ll treat you good† (Kilbourne).   It shows a woman straddling a man’s leg, pulling his boot off.   The copy read, â€Å"Some men treat their boots better than their women; not all together admirable, but certainly understandable† (Kilbourne).   Battery of women is presented as a joke.   People who are opposed to violent and sexist advertisement must organize to remove them, and the products they sell from our lives.Four general stereotypes of women are; â€Å"a woman’s place is in the home; women do not make important decisions or do important things; women are dependent and need a man’s protection; and men regard women primarily as sex objects† (Courtney 7).   Even though in 1987, one third of all women in the labour force were the sole supporter of their families, advertisements like the following for Braemar sweaters ma de a joke of a woman in the work place.   The advertisement shows a woman in a skirt, blouse and a Braemar sweater.   The copy reads, â€Å"Phoebe chose to work, not because she had to, but because it gave her a place to wear her Braemar sweaters† (Kilbourne).   Such sacrum of women in the work place only destroys what has taken so long to get even to this level.   The women’s movement is constantly being mocked and patronized in advertisements.The most prevalent problem in advertising’s ideal of   women is weight.   After seeing hundreds of advertisements featuring ultra-thin, waif-like models each day, women feel contempt, loathing, and disgust for their bodies.   Joan Dickerson, author of Some Thoughts on   Fat, claims   that â€Å"we’re all supposed to strive for a long and thin ideal, but who exemplifies this ideal?   A man, of course; specifically a young man†Ã‚   (Winegar 1-E).   Young women especially, are judging them selves based on what they see in the mirror.   One in five college-age women have eating disorders, and eighty to eighty-five percent of the consumers of diet programs are women.   The idea for women as displayed in advertisements weights twenty-five percent less than average woman (Winegar 1-E ).Since more and more women’s groups protest their exploitation in advertising, a small trend toward lessening these advertisements is coming about.   However, because of this, men are being exploited instead.   An example is a television commercial for Diet Coke in which female office workers â€Å"gawk† out the window at a shirtless male construction worker.   Because it is not politically correct to use women as object’s now, â€Å"men are the babies†¦it’s pleasing to the eye to show men’s pecs, since you can’t show women’s breast† (Dunn B-6).   Although this does seem to be a trend, it will take time before men reach the level of exploitation that women have faced for decades.After seeing thousands of exploitive advertisements every year, we become callus to the psychological effects they have on us as consumers.   No one’s body, male or female, deserves to be treated as an object, but should be held in high esteem and respect.   This respect should not be limited to those who are thin or beautiful or white or heterosexual.   Advertising that depicts this standard pollutes our minds and only we as consumers, by standing up against such unrealistic ideals, can stop the pollution.

You Too Can Sponsor A Word!

You Too Can Sponsor A Word! You Too Can Sponsor A Word! You Too Can Sponsor A Word! By Maeve Maddox Of all the free language references available online, my absolute favorite is the Online Etymology Dictionary: a map of the wheel-ruts of modern Englishexplanations of what our words meant and how they sounded 600 or 2,000 years ago. My usual practice in researching a post is to consult several referencesonline and in print. When my topic is a single word or expression, I usually begin with the Online Etymology Dictionary. Hmm, I just tried to abbreviate the title, but realized that I cant use its initials because they are the same as another, better-known reference. In all the time Ive been using the OEtyD, this is the first time Id given any thought to how its creators are able to provide this wonderful site for free. The other day my eye fell on a link Id never noticed before: Sponsor a word, and help keep the Online Etymology Dictionary free and open. The link led me to the plea for donations, but unlike most such pleas, this one is hard to resist. For a mere $10, donors can sponsor a word of their choice for six months. Think of it! If no one else has already claimed it, you can sponsor a beautiful word like hyperventilation or minuscule. You can dedicate a word to your girl friend or boy friend. You can even submit a photo to go with your word and a personalized message explaining why you chose it. I couldnt resist. After all, I do use this reference a lot. And I enjoy it. In fact, sometimes I enjoy it so much I spend more time researching than is absolutely necessary. Ive signed up to sponsor the word standard. Check it out. If nothing else, youll enjoy browsing the Sponsors page and reading the various reasons for their word choices. Online Etymology Dictionary Home Page Sponsors and their words Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your StoryUse a Dash for Number RangesNarrative, Plot, and Story

Is digital marketing a force for good or evil Use academic references Essay

Is digital marketing a force for good or evil Use academic references and practical examples to critically address this question - Essay Example nique that is used for the promotion of the products and services using the database-driven online distribution channels so as to reach the consumers in the relevant, cost-effective and personal manner. The digital marketing includes: online marketing such as website optimisation, Search Engine Optimisation, Video Search Engine Optimisation (VSEM), Social Media Optimisation (SMO), blogs & forums, online display advertising, and email marketing, mobile marketing such as messaging, mobile internet, and App Advertising, eMedia marketing such as video, audio, and the content delivered through the electronic devices. Despite businesses changing drastically into the digital marketing, the digital age has brought both the good and evil part. This paper will investigate the good and evil part of digital marketing. The emergence of the digital marketing has changed the modern market. Despite some of the limitation of the digital marketing in terms of the bandwidth, the diffusion and the technological issues, many of the offline transactions are now being replicated online in a quite successful manner (Boone, & Kurtz, 2013). Though this is comprehensive, it’s not yet exhaustive. The value of the examination of the list of the dual platform behaviours recognizes that digital marketing can affect certain aspects of the marketing behaviour via its unique features it presents to consumers, both negatively and positively. The increased competition, high costs and rivalry among firms demands that organisations establish long-term relationships with the customers to be able to retain and increase their market shares (Casalo et al., 2008). With relationship marketing winning, businesses are turning to digital marketing to understand consumers’ behaviours and to encourage brand loyalty and involvement. Additionally, digital marketing derives some benefits such as the perceived value, customer loyalty, and commitment. Customer loyalty can be defined as the perceived form of re-

The Inherent Paradox of Garveys Black Nationalism Research Paper

The Inherent Paradox of Garveys Black Nationalism - Research Paper Example It is as if the movement known as â€Å"Garveyism† was blind to the consequences of its ideas outside the narrow aim of promoting the interests of one group of black people, namely those who are able and willing to migrate to Africa and engage in some kind of post-colonial â€Å"redemption† which will make good all the pain and suffering that black people endured in the past from slavery and discrimination. This paper examines three articles from the early twentieth century, all of which are written by black men, and which demonstrate this curious blindness to the colonialist ways and means that they have chosen for their movement. The first article, Marcus Garvey’s â€Å"Report of the UNIA Delegation to Liberia† of 1924 deals with the disappointment experienced when black leaders visited Liberia to view progress on the setting up of a new, non-colonial state for people of color. The gist of the article is outrage at the way a project very dear to black pe ople has been usurped by the business interests of powerful white corporations. One of the most striking features is the way that Garvey urges his people to respond, in particular by resisting the â€Å"bullies† France and England: â€Å"It is either that somebody must take a man’s stand for what is right, or play the part of a coward in front of the bully.† (Garvey Report, 1924). Alain Locke argues that Garvey’s report is a manifestation of the spirit of the New Negro, wherein a new brand of internationalism aimed to unite the scattered Negro population of the world (Locke 270). In addition, the strong opposition of the UNIA to the recurring pressures of colonial interest, especially in the acquisition of land for the economic activities of colonial powers, can be seen as another manifestation of the New Negro, wherein the American Negro, as represented by the Garvey as the leader of the UNIA, partakes in the future development and rehabilitation of the African homeland (Locke 270). That may be the reason why the UNIA has been reiterating its right in the colonization of Liberia, for a part of the New Negro; they would wish to lead an example in establishing a Negro homeland away from the restrictive conditions of colonial societies. In addition, this report also proves as a reflection of the growing aspirations of black economic nationalism (Dosset 119), wherein the UNIA would like to assert the economic independence of Liberia as part of its â€Å"redemption of Africa:† free from colonial economic interests and relying on black self-sufficiency. The second article to be analyzed in this paper is the speech of Marcus Garvey, dated August 28, 1924. This speech was actually addressed one day after the delegation of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA—whom Marcus Garvey himself founded) reported their findings regarding the negotiations of their colonization of the Republic of Liberia.

Ideo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ideo - Assignment Example It proves that a liberal management system is necessary for a company to achieve continuous successful results (Neri, 2010). The company also invests in building great infrastructure for the designers allowing them to have fun creating and executing new ideas. The company has also come up with creative futuristic merchandises and solutions, which penetrate the market on a global scale. Among many other inventions IDEO has had, since inception, the redesigned shopping cart as one of its most successful inventions. The IDEO designers noticed problems with the traditional designs and changed them (Roth, 2011). Factors like safety when using the trolley were also a major issue. Additionally, inventing a product scanner to scan the goods reduces the time a customer spends at a till waiting for their turn to purchase. For example, instead of customers pushing trolleys around crowded supermarkets they can leave them at the end of an aisle and. It has not yet been released to the market, because of stiff competition particularly in the French markets (Roth, 2011). The 1998 IDEO shopping cart design was a success though it was not ready to enter to the market (Roth 2011). The firm had an excellent idea that would impress the customers and ease the efforts made in traditional way of shopping. However, the marketing team had not researched the market to find out if it would be economically viable, or if the retailers would accept the extra costs. As noted with products like the iPhone, clients are ready to purchase particularly if they are of good quality, are friendly and technologically enhanced. If I hired IDEO to redesign my products, I would be extremely confident with the firm. However, this would only be possible if I had a brilliant idea of a new product or the need to substantially improve on an existing one. I would be confident because I have seen that over time, the firm has invented products that are visionary,

Complete Home Automation Using Zigbee

Complete Home Automation Using Zigbee Chapter 1 Introduction to Home Automation HOME AUTOMATION What is automation? When you have automatic control on different things and functions at your home then we can say that you have home automation. This automation can be via aRemote or wired. simply things can be control according to your wish in history differentMethod and techniques are use to implement the home automation. Why people day by day are inclined towards home automation. there are lots of reason behindThis but the main reason is that you dont need to rebuild your home, you dont need to moveThe walls of home, it is easy to implement and without investing lot of money you can install itAt your home. a middle class person can afford the expense of home automation. ItsInstallation is very simple and easy. And a very y less time is required to automate the whole Home with different available products. Home automation gives a facility to user that he can control the things according to his wish inVery easier way. home automation may include different task like home security, a utomaticOn/off of lighting, control of sound system and etc. In a home automation a user can control the Things from any place in the home. Also sometime a user himself can implement home automation in his home via differentProducts those are easily available in the market. Plus points of home automation There is a reason that why till now most people keep on using home automation facility. theMain reason is that they got much convenience in using home automation. as in modern age aPerson want to do lot of work. also with the lavish style of life people are going to be lazy andThey want much convenience in work of their life. so to get convenience they need homeAutomation in their daily life. Let take an example of first home automation application. the first home automation exampleWas the TV remote control. before this application you have to face lot of difficulties like you?Have to sit near the television to change the channels and to control the volume. also you haveTo wake up at a particular time to turn on your TV set. Now with the help of a single remoteControl you can do all this task easily. how much convenience you can get with a single homeAutomation product. you can observe from the above example. Human desire never comes to an end. so the invention of single remote contr ol was not theUltimate goal. it was the initialization of home automation. different home automation taskWere keep on adding in home automation like heater, washing machine, control of lights, warm your mattress before you enter the room, and automation heating and cooling of yourWashroom water before the few minutes earlier of your wake up alarm. IS IT CONVENIENCE OR NEED? Convenience is not only the reason for home automation. there can be other reason for homeAutomation like NEED of using home automation. there can different need. one need may beThe security, it is also convenience but it fall under the category of need. before automation inHome security you have to use different security devices and guards but now with the help ofSimple and cheap home security you can provide home security. MISCILANEOUS BENEFITS Thieves and unknown persons can be monitored via motion sensor and you can get updateFrom the remote position that who is trying to enter to your home. also different door openingAnd locking systems are used at the particular door so that if some unauthorized person triesTo enter the home then a security alarm may be passed to the higher authorities. This alert mayBe send to you via email, mobile text message or a pre recorded call. Also when you come to your home late at night and you feel fear to enter in the dark home. butWith the help of home automation you can turn on your home lights when you are near to yourHome via a message or call. the pre assigned light will automatically turn on when you willEnter to your home and you will not feel any any more fear. Also this can be done that when youJust unlock the main door of your home then with this all the lights turn off automatically. itWorks like a mobile profile. At different occasion you switch on different mobile profiles. AsWhen you are in your meeting with boos then you just turn on your silent profile with a singleButton. all other related settings got automatically selected. In similar way with the help ofSingle button, message, email or a call you can get your desired lighting control. Automatic opening and closing of main door of home also fall under the category of need. ifYou dont have this facility then you have to hire a security guard for 24 hours at the door, whoWill open and close the door when your car will give horn. but with the help of simple ho meAutomation you can achieve this task. when your car comes in front of main gate, a cameraThere recognize that is this car is allowed to enter the home, if yes then the system there willAutomatically open the door and after you enter the home the door will be automatically close. Safety Safety is another point due to which people use home automation. for example if there is waterIn your home basement due to heavy rain at your home then with the help of homeAutomation you can receive an alert message for excess of water in the basement. Also if the temperature of any particular room or location of your home falls beyond theNormal limits then a high/low temperature alert activated. in case of fire and smoke at anyPlace at the home this home automation application may be very successful and heavy loss canBe avoided. Home automation charge cost but this cost looks no more that the benefits you got from theHome automation. for example you are sleeping and there is fire or high temperature in anyArea of your home then imagine that if you dont get the alert then what happen if youKeep on sleeping. might be possible that you yourself caught in the fire. a person can enjoy theHome safety at a very low cost. Home automation is little bit technical but it is not difficult to i mplement. when you haveDifferent home automated products then you need the methods to implement these products. There different method and techniques for implementation of home automation. one methodMay be superior than the other. there are different methods of home automation. and toMethod of implementation will guide you that how much cost you are required. by using efficientMethods you can save lot of money. before implementing home automation to your home, youMust analyze that which method can be suitable and efficient for you according to your needs, cost, choice and life style. In mostly home automation setup a remote is used. and this remote work only for the systemThat are installed at different home appliances. with the help of this single remote you haveComplete control on the automated applications at your home. with the help of this singleRemote control you can control the lighting system, cooling and heating system, safety system, security system, irrigation controlling and all other related home appliances. this remote canWork from any place in the home without any delay. within seconds you can implement youDesired task. In movies you observe the many home automated things that look different to implement inOur life. but as the technology is advance now so that automation can be applied at home withThe help of gadgets and new technology features of devices. IT IS A PART OF HOME ITEMS Peoples views about home automation are different. some say that it is wastage of money andThere is no need for it but some say that it is a part of your home items. they use to say that it isA part of home like other things in home, like other home appliances. so they dont think it 0asSeparate thing and consider it a need for a complete home. while other think that it is a luxuryAnd there is no much need for it,If you buy new and different things on regular basis then there would the best way that youShould buy or invest your money in different home automated things cause in homeAutomation newer and newer technologies are evolving day by day and there is no limit forHome automation. simply it depends on your pocket that how much you can invest. According to need and convenience of different people there are different levels for homeAutomation. but the basic and necessary home automation must include the following things, that can be different categories for home automation Security Security always remain a big issue in home automation. most of the work have been doneRegarding this. in old home automation system there were not include the security alarm. youHave to implement security separately. but now security alarm are the built in feature of theHome automation. old security alarms turn on when someone break the window glass or try toCross the wall or try to unlock the door. when security alarm turn on then the thief haveEnough time to escape. before you reach there the thief had run away. Now with the help of built in and automatic alarm you dont need to search for the thief in yourHome. you can just press the alert button if you feel any fear. then if there would be thief inPart of your home then the lights of that place will automatically turn on and if the thief wouldBe in the room or inside the home then the main door will automatically locked so that heCouldnt ran. according to police that a good lighting arrangement can help in protection ofHome from t hiefs. in your home where you want to turn on or off light automatically you justNeed to install a module there and your desired task can be easily achieved. Mostly people install home automation system for money safety and high alert alarms areInstalled near the money safe. but modern home automation system not only consider themoney safety but also the human safety. In fact the safety is much important than the moneyAnd your property. with the help of home automation you can insure the safety and security ofYou and your whole family. with the help of single button you can easily do this. CONVENIENCE As this is the age of technology. everyone is enjoying the benefits of modern technology. soWhy you will not want? By using the home automation you can enjoy the muchConvenience. Your complete home control is in a single remote control. and with this singleRemote you can control every automated thing at your home. you dont need to do much hardWork. in fact with the latest technology people are going to be lazy. and also you yourself wantTo be relaxing. You daily waste much or your time in on/off you home and street lights, waste time in checkingThe locks of all doors before you sleep. you have to be alerted regarding gas and electricHeater. You cant get the second chance for leakage of gas. in this entire how much you have to beAttentive and alert. a sharp memory and hard work is required for this. but with the help ofSingle remote you can save lot of mind work and avoid lot of hard work. if everything would beAutomated then just imagine how it would be relaxing and enjoying. And eve ryone likes to use that single remote. Also it looks very attractive and pleasant to have home automation at your home. every guestMay impress with the unique and advance features of home automation that you have installedAt your home. complete home is in your hand via a single remote control. you can do everyThing with the help of this remote like turn on/off light, your TV, sound system and safety andSecurity system. In previous home automation system compatibility was the major issue. but now a device isCompatible with lot of other devices. so you have great flexibility. Home automation can improve your life style and standard. after having the completeKnowledge through about home automation, you should buy the home automation devices soThat you could enjoy the automation according to your wish and desire. Now there are lot off companies in the market that provide home automation and home safety. you just needs to call the vendor and they will install the home automation at your home. firstlyYou have to analyze that where you need home automation at your home then install and thenCall for company. You are the best person who can think that where you need automation at your home. EXTRA COMFORT In this modern age people are adopting different technologies for relax and comfort. They useTo buy different products as they want to make their life simple and much easier. due to thisReason they are also inclined to install home automation system at their homes. It is the homeAutomation due to which they have complete control on every electronic device at their home. as there is many electronic devices at your home like air conditioner, heater, and cooler, microwave oven, sound system, etc. every one want to control all these electronics devicesWith as much easiness as he can. Home automation provides you the height of easiness and comfort. for example if you busy inWatching your TV program. let suppose that you are watching cricket match and you dont wantTo be disturbed and you forgot to switch off the other room lights. then with the help ofWireless home automation you can easily do this. now modern home automation system haveTouch screen instead of remote control. Also exciting feature of home automation is that now days you can do automation remotely. it is not necessary that you must be present at the home. if you are at your office and you wantTo turn on/off your home lights then you can do it with help of internet or simply with the helpOf your small touch phone. you just need to access the your home automation control consoleVia a website then you can do what you want to do. with this facility you can make setting ofEverything before you reach the home. for example you can play song of your own choice, make setting of light according to your wish and need, get your air conditioner on so that whenYou reach home; your room will automatically cool. In fact you are virtually present at your home. now you dont have to pay lot off for forgettingThings. and you can avoid lot of losses. You can watch and observe every person at your home with the help of cameras that are linkedWith internet. you just excess this facility by just surfing the website. with the help of thisFeature you can enjoy the completely safety from the outsiders and thief. Today the home automation system is very good, comfortable and reliable. these cant beEasily trapped by anyone. previously this was a main drawback of the home automationSystems EASY TO IMPLEMENT Home automation system is very easy and there is not difficulties in implementing this. it can be Implement with very less cost and no extra loss for its installation is required. SAVING OF ENERGY By using home automation you can save lot of energy. if you use automatic control of lights in Your home then you can easily turn off light in the morning via a simple remote control or simply You can configure that these lights should be turn on for a specific duration. and your home Automation system will automatically switch on or off the lights according to the given schedule. INFRARED TECHNOLOGY As it was discussed earlier that the TV remote was the first home automation application. andInfrared technology was used in it. so infrared technology put the basic for wireless homeAutomation. as this technology is very cheap so it can be easily used by the low budget personsIf there are advantages of using infrared then there are also disadvantages of infrared. one ofIts disadvantage is that it is a very short range and it always require a line of sight connectionFor working. you cant control any infrared application while sitting in the other room. Mostly remote control in the current age have this infrared technology. they are still haveImportance and commonly used in daily life. they are wide use in mobile, laptops and differentElectronics machines like automatic bar reader and different scanner at big departmentalStores. You can easily turn on/off a single light with infrared but what happen when you want to turnOn/off bulk of lights. do you need multiple infrared receivers fo r each light. as at the any holyOccasion or at marriage ceremony, you want to turn on all the light in the evening and want toTurn off all the light in the morning. how you can do this task with the help of infrared. in factInfrared can do this but this would be more costly. so you need to think advance and try toThink different way to implement task like the above task. so at that time there was a need ofNew technology. In door and out lighting is commonly controlled via remotely. some homeAutomation systems have thermostat facility that can easily achieve the automatic on and offLighting. in home automation system by pressing the single button multiple task can beAccomplished. X10 technology To improve the drawbacks of previous technologies the X10 technology came into the field. This is a very famous technology and their different products are available in the market. thisTechnology was mostly liked by the users. It was very popular technology at it age. let try toKnow what was this technology in actual. X10 is a communication technique that is used by the devices working on X10 technology. these devices implement the task given by the users. you can say that X10 is a language thatDifferent devices can understand. this act as a translator between the different devices thatDont know the same language for working. one feature of it is that it compatible with relatedDevices. to implement X10 you dont need to work hard and you dont need to break, cut andMove your home walls. X10 is just work with the electrical outlets and wiring that are alreadyInstalled at your home. you dont need to use hard wire for implementation of X10. so it is alsoCheap and affordable and can be eas ily implemented. you just need to buy the X10 elementsThat are easily available in the market. due to its simplicity and affordability it became veryPopular in the world. its communication tool installation is very simple. you just need to installIts transmitter into the outlet in the wall. and similarly you need to install a receiver at theOutlet in the wall. Both transmitter and receiver are connected with a device when aTransmitter sends any signal then the device receives the signal and tries to know that what isThis signal in actual. and then pass it to the receiver and the desired task is can be performedEasily. 256 different units can be operate with a simple X10 unit. so now you can easily turn on/off your light at wedding or holy gathering easily. a unique operation is performed with aSingle assigned address but a single address can be assigned to two different things so that aSame task can be implemented on the both things or devices. for example you want to turn offYour s treet lights then you can assign the same address to all the streets lights. one plus pointOf X10 is that its all products are compatible with each other there is no compatibility issue. CHAPTER 2:Related Work and Hardware Description 2. 1 Literature Review : We discussed some previous techniques used for home automation. There features and drawbacks. 2. 1. 2 Home Automation using Bluetooth: It is a chip technology enabling us to communicate with a lot of devices. It is a popular way of short range communication. By enhancing this technology we can use it to automate homes. It employs the 2. 4Ghz unlicensed band and has data rate up to 720Kbps. Its range is usually 10 meters but can be increased to 100 meter by using higher powered antenna. Its only draw back Is it short range. . RANGE :10m DATA RATE : 20 To 250 kbps DATA RATE : 720Kbps ENERGY : Multi-year battery life ENERGY : Multi-day battery life Table 1: zigbee and bluetooth comparison 2. 1. 3 Home Automation using GSM: GSM stands for Global system for mobile communication. As it works in cells there are different types of cells. and each cell cover different areas. cell radius depend on antenna gain, power, height. GSM has three types of services. * Tele Services:* Calls, short message service. tele-fax. * Bearer services* asynchronous and synchronous data* Supplementary services* call forwarding ,call barring* usually in home automation we send commands with mobile in form of SMS. The drawbacks of this techniques are service dependent, its possible that because of congestion On the network your might SMS delivered late. Or you get a delayed SMS from home mounted module about the current status of the different household equipment. 2. 2 DESIGN ARCHITECHTURE 2. 2. 1 Command Unit 2. 2. 2 Control Unit 2. 3 COMPONENT SELECTION 2. 3. 1 Zigbee Module (XBee Pro) We use XBee Pro as a transceiver module because it consumes very low power and has long range and nominal data rate. more information on this module is given in hard ware overview chapter. 2. 3. 2 Microcontroller (Atmega 16) We use ATMEGA16 because it is a low power and has greater SRAM and EEPROM memory And it can be easily interfaced with zigbee and other components. More information is available in Hardware review chapter. 2. 3. 3 MAX 232 It is used to convert a signal from TTL logic to RS232 level. It is used to communicate with computer. More detai is given in hardware review chapter. Summary Chapter 3: Hardware and Software Methodlogy 3. 1 Using Atmega Timers: 3. 1. 1Timers with LED The timer code enable the number of led after the time given by the user. In the timer code PORTB is set as an output. The timer counter control register(TCCR1B) is used to set the timerThe clock source with eight prescaler and the normal mode is used in the timer. Timer counter register (TCNT1) is used to initialize the timer. TIMSK is used to enable overflow interrupt and SREG enables the global interrupt. The similar task is also done without timer. 3. 1. 2 Timers with LEDs ,Push button and Buzzer Figure 3: Timers With Leds ,Push button ,Buzzer In this code we simply USE A push button to enable the timer and used a BUZZER. The buzzer will on with the led but buzzer will off after 500 ms and led remains on. 3. 2 LCD INTERFACING WITH ATMEGA 16: The PORTD and PORTB is set as a output. The comand_set function is used to give the necessary instruction to the LCD. The data_set function is used to send data to the LCD through PORTB. The display function is used to latch the data. 3. 3 KEYPAD INTERFACING WITH ATMEGA 16: A 4*4 keypad is interfaced with the microcontroller ATMEGA 16 to select the fixed load and variable load and to give the time after which the load has to on. The PORTA is used as you can see in the figure. 3. 4 Selection Of A Fixed Load We select a fixed load 2 from keypad. Figure : Selection Of A Fixed Load Load 2 is selected. Now it is on. The status of load 1 is on. The status of load 2 is off. 3. 4 Accessing EEPROM In EEPROM_WRITE function the EEPROM is being checked that, either it is being written previously or not. Then the address has passed to EEPROM and after this the data has passed to EEPROM. The EEMWE bit has set to logic one an after this the EEWE bit has set to logic one. [1] 3. 5 Using ADC In ADC analog voltage is converted into dc voltage with 10 bit resolution. In ADMUX register of ADC the voltage reference is set, The ADC left adjust result is set to logic zero and channel is selected. In ADCSRA the ADC enabled bit and ADC start conversion bit are set to logic one. When ADC conversion completes bit 4 is set. All the codes are given in the cd. [1] SUMMARY Chapter 4: SOFTWARE OVERVIEW The following software we use in our project* CodeVisionAVR C Compiler* AVR Studio 4 debugger * Proteus Version (6. 9) 4. 1 Code VisionAVR CodeVisionAVR is the c compiler that is used to program the ATMEL microcontrollers. It is very easy to use. You can develop applications for embedded systems by using it. 4. 1. 2 Features of CodeVisionAVR The CodeVisionAVR C Compiler has following features:* CodeVisionAVR is compatible with Atmel and AVR Studio Debugger * A new project is created by using it* Compilation of the C Code* Editing of the C Code* It runs on the operating system i. e. Windows,XP,7,VistaIt is the new microcontrollers with high memory. It is the only compiler through which we can programmed the ATMEL microcontrollers. 4. 1. 3 Creating a new file A new file can be created by clicking on the toolbar button. After this save the file. 4. 1. 4 Creating a new project Click on the toolbar button. Now click on the â€Å"No† button. Now save the project. 4. 1. 5 Configuring the project Select the atmega 16 and set it clock 4. 0MHz. Choose the application as a program type. Now add the file under the project name. 4. 2 AVR Studio 4 4. 2. 1 Features of AVR Studio 4 For proper controlling the Zigbee modules accurate codes and programming was needed. Wehave divided the our big task into smaller task. By doing so we easily wrote the code anddebugging was easy. â€Å"AVR Studio 4 is the integrated development Environment (IDE) for developing 8-bit AVR applications in windows 2000/XP?VISTA/7 environments†[2 ]The features that AVR Studio provides are supporting run control including source and instruction level stopping and memory,registers,breakpoints and watch variable and allow you to see what your code will do in reality with microcontroller. 4. 3 Proteus The Proteus software is used to design the PCB and to do a microprocessor simulations. Its latest version is compatible with windows XP,VISTA,7. 4. 3. 1 Features of Proteus * 3D Board Visualization* Professional PCB layout module* Basic simulation* 2D Drawing with symbol library SUMMARY CHAPTER5 HARDWARE OVERVIEW ATMEGA 16: Overview: â€Å"Atmega16 is low-power AVR enhanced RISC Architecturebased CMOS 8-bit microcontroller. By Executing instructions in a single clock cycle it achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz. † Features: The ATmega16 has16K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash Program memory which Consists of 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K byte SRAM. It has 32 general purpose I/O lines, 32 General purpose working registers. It has On-chip Debugging support and programming And has three Timer/Counters having Internal and External Interrupts. For serial commun-Ication it has programmable USART. For analog to digital conversion it has 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with optional differential input stage with programmable gain. It has a Wat-Chdog Timer having internal Oscillator and it can be programmed. [1]Pin configuration: Pin descriptions: port A We use Port A to serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. It also serves as an 8-bit bi-Directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up Resistors. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will Source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated whena reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. [1] Port B it is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. [1] Port C It is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. [1] Port D Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As I nputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. [1] RESET PIN : It Reset the Input. A low level on this pin will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. AVCC : It is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should always be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. It should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter if the ADC is used. [1] AREF : AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter. VCC Digital supply voltage. (Input voltage) GND ground. 5. 2 XBEE PRO 5. 2. 1 Overview The XBee Pro module is designed to support low power,low cost wireless sensor networks. It requires minimal power and provide reliable communication between remote devices. 5. 2. 2 Features * Long Range: Indoor 100m and Outdoor 1500m. Transmit Power 100 mW(20 dBm)Receiver Sensitivity -100 dBm * Low Power: Tx Current 210 mA @ 3. 3VRx Current 80 mA @ 3. 3V* Advanced Networking Security Retries and Acknowledgement Self routingDirect Sequence Spread Spectrum * Easy to use No configuration required for out of box RF communicationAT and API command modes for configuring module parametersSmall form factorExtensive command set 5. 2. 3 Pin Description Some pins can be set as Analog Input, Digital Input, Digital Output, or Analog Output (PWM). The numbers of pins are up to seven channels of analog input, nine channels of digital I/O and two channels of PWM. Pin # Name Direction Description 1 VCC Power supply 2 DOUT Output UART Data Out 3 DIN / CONFIG Input UART Data In 4 DIO12 Either Digital I/O 12 5 RESET Input Module Reset (reset pulse must be at least 200 ns) 6 PWM0 / RSSI Output PWM Output 0 / RX Signal Strength Indicator 7 PWM1 Output PWM Output 1 8 [reserved] Do not connect 9 9 DTR / SLEEP_RQ / DI8 Either Pin Sleep Control Line or Digital I/O 8 10